Integrand size = 10, antiderivative size = 61 \[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\frac {5}{2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {-1+\cot ^2(x)}}\right )-2 \sqrt {2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \cot (x)}{\sqrt {-1+\cot ^2(x)}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {-1+\cot ^2(x)} \]
5/2*arctanh(cot(x)/(-1+cot(x)^2)^(1/2))-2*arctanh(cot(x)*2^(1/2)/(-1+cot(x )^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/2)-1/2*cot(x)*(-1+cot(x)^2)^(1/2)
Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 121, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.98 \[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\frac {1}{2} \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \sec ^2(2 x) \left (\arctan \left (\frac {\cos (x)}{\sqrt {-\cos (2 x)}}\right ) \sqrt {-\cos (2 x)} \sin ^3(x)+4 \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cos (x)}{\sqrt {\cos (2 x)}}\right ) \sqrt {\cos (2 x)} \sin ^3(x)-4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\cos (2 x)} \log \left (\sqrt {2} \cos (x)+\sqrt {\cos (2 x)}\right ) \sin ^3(x)-\frac {1}{4} \sin (4 x)\right ) \]
((-1 + Cot[x]^2)^(3/2)*Sec[2*x]^2*(ArcTan[Cos[x]/Sqrt[-Cos[2*x]]]*Sqrt[-Co s[2*x]]*Sin[x]^3 + 4*ArcTanh[Cos[x]/Sqrt[Cos[2*x]]]*Sqrt[Cos[2*x]]*Sin[x]^ 3 - 4*Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[Cos[2*x]]*Log[Sqrt[2]*Cos[x] + Sqrt[Cos[2*x]]]*Sin[x]^3 - Sin[4*x]/4))/2
Time = 0.23 (sec) , antiderivative size = 64, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.05, number of steps used = 9, number of rules used = 8, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.800, Rules used = {3042, 4144, 318, 398, 224, 219, 291, 219}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
\(\displaystyle \int \left (\cot ^2(x)-1\right )^{3/2} \, dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
\(\displaystyle \int \left (\tan \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2-1\right )^{3/2}dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 4144 |
\(\displaystyle -\int \frac {\left (\cot ^2(x)-1\right )^{3/2}}{\cot ^2(x)+1}d\cot (x)\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 318 |
\(\displaystyle -\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {3-5 \cot ^2(x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1} \left (\cot ^2(x)+1\right )}d\cot (x)-\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1} \cot (x)\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 398 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (5 \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}d\cot (x)-8 \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1} \left (\cot ^2(x)+1\right )}d\cot (x)\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 224 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (5 \int \frac {1}{1-\frac {\cot ^2(x)}{\cot ^2(x)-1}}d\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}-8 \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1} \left (\cot ^2(x)+1\right )}d\cot (x)\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 219 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (5 \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}\right )-8 \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1} \left (\cot ^2(x)+1\right )}d\cot (x)\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 291 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (5 \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}\right )-8 \int \frac {1}{1-\frac {2 \cot ^2(x)}{\cot ^2(x)-1}}d\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 219 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (5 \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}\right )-4 \sqrt {2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \cot (x)}{\sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}}\right )\right )-\frac {1}{2} \cot (x) \sqrt {\cot ^2(x)-1}\) |
(5*ArcTanh[Cot[x]/Sqrt[-1 + Cot[x]^2]] - 4*Sqrt[2]*ArcTanh[(Sqrt[2]*Cot[x] )/Sqrt[-1 + Cot[x]^2]])/2 - (Cot[x]*Sqrt[-1 + Cot[x]^2])/2
3.1.41.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]))* ArcTanh[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b] && (Gt Q[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[1/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2], x_Symbol] :> Subst[Int[1/(1 - b*x^2), x], x, x/Sqrt[a + b*x^2]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && !GtQ[a, 0]
Int[1/(Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2]*((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^2)), x_Symbol] :> Subst [Int[1/(c - (b*c - a*d)*x^2), x], x, x/Sqrt[a + b*x^2]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(p_)*((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^2)^(q_), x_Symbol] :> Sim p[d*x*(a + b*x^2)^(p + 1)*((c + d*x^2)^(q - 1)/(b*(2*(p + q) + 1))), x] + S imp[1/(b*(2*(p + q) + 1)) Int[(a + b*x^2)^p*(c + d*x^2)^(q - 2)*Simp[c*(b *c*(2*(p + q) + 1) - a*d) + d*(b*c*(2*(p + 2*q - 1) + 1) - a*d*(2*(q - 1) + 1))*x^2, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, p}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && G tQ[q, 1] && NeQ[2*(p + q) + 1, 0] && !IGtQ[p, 1] && IntBinomialQ[a, b, c, d, 2, p, q, x]
Int[((e_) + (f_.)*(x_)^2)/(((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)*Sqrt[(c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^2]) , x_Symbol] :> Simp[f/b Int[1/Sqrt[c + d*x^2], x], x] + Simp[(b*e - a*f)/ b Int[1/((a + b*x^2)*Sqrt[c + d*x^2]), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f} , x]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*((c_.)*tan[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{ff = FreeFactors[Tan[e + f*x], x]}, Simp[c*(ff/f) Subst[Int[(a + b* (ff*x)^n)^p/(c^2 + ff^2*x^2), x], x, c*(Tan[e + f*x]/ff)], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, e, f, n, p}, x] && (IntegersQ[n, p] || IGtQ[p, 0] || EqQ[n^2, 4] || EqQ[n^2, 16])
Time = 0.04 (sec) , antiderivative size = 48, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.79
method | result | size |
derivativedivides | \(\frac {5 \ln \left (\cot \left (x \right )+\sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}\right )}{2}-\frac {\cot \left (x \right ) \sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}}{2}-2 \,\operatorname {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot \left (x \right ) \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}}\right ) \sqrt {2}\) | \(48\) |
default | \(\frac {5 \ln \left (\cot \left (x \right )+\sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}\right )}{2}-\frac {\cot \left (x \right ) \sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}}{2}-2 \,\operatorname {arctanh}\left (\frac {\cot \left (x \right ) \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {-1+\cot \left (x \right )^{2}}}\right ) \sqrt {2}\) | \(48\) |
5/2*ln(cot(x)+(-1+cot(x)^2)^(1/2))-1/2*cot(x)*(-1+cot(x)^2)^(1/2)-2*arctan h(cot(x)*2^(1/2)/(-1+cot(x)^2)^(1/2))*2^(1/2)
Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 170 vs. \(2 (47) = 94\).
Time = 0.28 (sec) , antiderivative size = 170, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.79 \[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\frac {4 \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (2 \, \sqrt {-\frac {\cos \left (2 \, x\right )}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1}} \sin \left (2 \, x\right ) - 2 \, \cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1\right ) \sin \left (2 \, x\right ) - 2 \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\frac {\cos \left (2 \, x\right )}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1}} {\left (\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) + 1\right )} + 5 \, \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\frac {\cos \left (2 \, x\right )}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1}} \sin \left (2 \, x\right ) + \cos \left (2 \, x\right ) + 1}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) + 1}\right ) \sin \left (2 \, x\right ) - 5 \, \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\frac {\cos \left (2 \, x\right )}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1}} \sin \left (2 \, x\right ) - \cos \left (2 \, x\right ) - 1}{\cos \left (2 \, x\right ) + 1}\right ) \sin \left (2 \, x\right )}{4 \, \sin \left (2 \, x\right )} \]
1/4*(4*sqrt(2)*log(2*sqrt(-cos(2*x)/(cos(2*x) - 1))*sin(2*x) - 2*cos(2*x) - 1)*sin(2*x) - 2*sqrt(2)*sqrt(-cos(2*x)/(cos(2*x) - 1))*(cos(2*x) + 1) + 5*log((sqrt(2)*sqrt(-cos(2*x)/(cos(2*x) - 1))*sin(2*x) + cos(2*x) + 1)/(co s(2*x) + 1))*sin(2*x) - 5*log((sqrt(2)*sqrt(-cos(2*x)/(cos(2*x) - 1))*sin( 2*x) - cos(2*x) - 1)/(cos(2*x) + 1))*sin(2*x))/sin(2*x)
\[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\int \left (\cot ^{2}{\left (x \right )} - 1\right )^{\frac {3}{2}}\, dx \]
\[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\int { {\left (\cot \left (x\right )^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{2}} \,d x } \]
Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 179 vs. \(2 (47) = 94\).
Time = 0.52 (sec) , antiderivative size = 179, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.93 \[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\frac {1}{4} \, {\left (4 \, \sqrt {2} \log \left ({\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{2}\right ) - \frac {4 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (3 \, {\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{2} - 1\right )}}{{\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{4} - 6 \, {\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{2} + 1} + 5 \, \log \left (\frac {{\left | 2 \, {\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{2} - 4 \, \sqrt {2} - 6 \right |}}{{\left | 2 \, {\left (\sqrt {2} \cos \left (x\right ) - \sqrt {2 \, \cos \left (x\right )^{2} - 1}\right )}^{2} + 4 \, \sqrt {2} - 6 \right |}}\right )\right )} \mathrm {sgn}\left (\sin \left (x\right )\right ) \]
1/4*(4*sqrt(2)*log((sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt(2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^2) - 4*sqrt(2)* (3*(sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt(2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^2 - 1)/((sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt( 2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^4 - 6*(sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt(2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^2 + 1) + 5* log(abs(2*(sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt(2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^2 - 4*sqrt(2) - 6)/abs(2 *(sqrt(2)*cos(x) - sqrt(2*cos(x)^2 - 1))^2 + 4*sqrt(2) - 6)))*sgn(sin(x))
Timed out. \[ \int \left (-1+\cot ^2(x)\right )^{3/2} \, dx=\int {\left ({\mathrm {cot}\left (x\right )}^2-1\right )}^{3/2} \,d x \]